1.Appreciate important issues in computer system design such as speed Essay

1.Appreciate significant issues in PC framework structure, for example, speed and adaptability and have the option to show a comprehension of the authoritative standards of current PC frameworks - Essay Example In the mid 1970’s when the PC was not as regular as the current occasions, registering assaults were done on the phone frameworks for instance John Draper hacked the AT&T framework to make free significant distance calls. Randy (2009) brought up that he accomplished to get past the particular framework by a straightforward whistle which he got in a grain box. Afterward, he came to be known as Captain Krunch. Various kinds of assaults have been seen throughout the years and have gotten progressively complex with the approach of new innovation. Before the finish of 1970s, PCs turned out to be relatively more available than prior. This denoted the beginning of spam messages; first spam email was sent in 1978 on ARPAnet by the CEO of Digital Equipment Corporation to impair another PC. The spam in those occasions for the most part comprised of ads or advancements not at all like the monetary benefit goals that are covered up in them now. The current intentions behind spam manage unmistakably increasingly extreme angles for example personality cheats, online tricks. Individual email tends to databases are kept up by numerous organizations nowadays. Spam is sent to these beneficiaries without their assent or authorization with the assumed name of various structures to make them look proficient. These sorts of spam messages changed into phishing constantly 1996 and comprised of substance like the declaration of winning of a lottery by the beneficiary or an official letter from his individual bank to refresh his own subtleties. Th e beneficiary enters his own data accordingly, imagining that it is a veritable financial procedure. The email trickster gains the recipient’s individual data just as banking data that can be utilized in any ideal malevolent action. The taking of individual data has prompted the most shocking of the digital violations which is â€Å"identity theft†. As per the insights gave by the Javelin Strategy and Research Center

Full Play To The Positive Backwash Effect

Full Play To The Positive Backwash Effect Unique: Backwash has normally been depicted as far as the impact of testing on language educating and learning. Discharge can be destructive or helpful, as Arthur Hughes states. (Hughes: 1989) This paper set out to perceive how far this term can be applied to the manners by which both the understudies and educators can profit by language testing. Catchphrases: positive discharge gainful testing inspiration legitimacy and dependability I. The Backwash Effect and the Learners In language learning, two terms are frequently referenced, instrumental inspiration and integrative inspiration. Instrumental inspiration alludes to the utility estimation of the language itselfthe convenience of English as an apparatus in learning, trade or worldwide correspondence. Testing process instrumental motivationcandidates as a rule step through examination to encourage their instructive or profession possibilities. In the event that the testing brings the positive discharge impact into full play, it will propel the contender to learn better after they comprehend what they have accomplished and what they have to find. However, on the off chance that the aftereffect of the testing is just given as pass, fall flat, or an imprint, the competitors will without a doubt be demotivatedthey don't have the foggiest idea what they need to cure. Another major circumstance is that the tests are set by outside bodies which set up their own prospectuses, principles and criteriathe langua ge students are prepared a few aptitudes which are vital for their future adapting yet the tests don't give the relating thing to quantify the students capacity. That is the degree to which the learning required for the testing is obviously applicable to study hall learning or the need of the student has been restricted. As Hughes called attention to, If a test is viewed as significant then groundwork for it can come to overwhelm all instructing and learning activitieslearners are misdirected to strain each nerve to get by it. Which along these lines frustrate the ordinary grouping in both learning and educating? II. The Backwash Effect and the Teachers All instructors are inspired by the testing and edge their educating to what is being tried. Since they accept: Motivation of the understudies is one of the most significant elements impacting their prosperity or disappointment in learning the language. (McDonough, 1986) They likewise consider that the impact that the testing has on showing is either positive or negative. The negative discharge impact is probably going to be most prominent where instructors are unpracticed or absence of certainty. In the event that the instructors don't have the foggiest idea how they can educate under the coupling power of the testing and don't realize well to build up the materials masterminded by the subject, the educators will be de-roused and puzzle over the course which they should set out toward. Be that as it may, if the instructors realize how to make the testing an impulse to advance their future educating, by distinguishing proof with different educators outside the school they comprehend what achievement they have made .It will even drive them to invest twofold energy into the future occupation. Hence, it is significant that testing ought to mirror the abilities and approaches of the dynamic language educators and utilize the testing to empower instructors in their preparation. The more noteworthy positive discharge impact, the more instructors are probably going to be propelled by the testing. III. The Development in the Testing In the previous barely any years, with the improvement of the preparation extends, the examination in this field is en route to the advancement. Instrumental inspiration in language testing has been held (learning is as yet associated with advancing, enlisting and gaining) however testing is obtained an integrative measurement. Such a significant number of changes occurring in the testing have been added to this measurement: 1. An adjustment in the fundamental hypothesis of language learning. 2. An adjustment in the ways to deal with language instructing. 3. An adjustment in the reasons or testing. 4. An adjustment in the basis for assessing a language testing. 5. An adjustment in the testing concerning all the parts of language instructing. When we set language tests, do we truly test the competitors language capacity? Is it true that we are truly attempting to test what can empower possibility to utilize a language successfully? Language instructors we have been told, when go about as an analyzer, must worry with an entire host of various legitimacy and dependability factors. Absolutely, in language testing the same amount of as somewhere else, legitimacy and unwavering quality are significant. Yet, a substantial and solid test is of little use in the event that it doesn't end up being a pragmatic one as Weir expressed, This includes inquiries of economy, simplicity of organization, scoring and translation of results. The more it takes to develop, regulate and score, and the more gifted work force and gear that are included, the higher the expenses are probably going to be.(1990) So how to accomplish palatable dependability tests, how to improve legitimacy of the testing and how to make the tests progressively reasonab le have become language instructors significant concern. IV. Down to earth Concerns in Evaluating Tests Tests are methods for social affair data. They are developed by specific rules which are expected to shield the nature of this data. as Nunan once stated, and it is anything but difficult to arrive at the understanding that the instructors should test what they require the students to do. Nunan. D likewise stated, It is significant that, in the arranging, usage, and assessment of a given educational program, all components be between ground, so choices made at one level are not in strife with those made at another. For example, in courses dependent on standards of informative language educating, it is significant that these standards are reflected, in educational program archives and schedule plans, yet additionally in homeroom exercises, examples of study hall cooperation and in trial of open execution. (Nunan, 1987) In China a standard referenced test which is named TEM 8 (Test for English Majors Grade Eight) is examined here for us to survey and talk about in detail whether this test can accomplish valuable discharge and how we can improve the discharge impact of the test. As indicated by Hughes, there are eight stages to make our optimal into real factors: 1. Test the capacities whose improvement you need to empower. 2. Test generally and eccentrically. 3. Utilize direct testing. 4. Make testing measure referenced. 5. Base accomplishment tests on goals. 6. Guarantee test is known and comprehended by understudies and instructors. 7. Where vital, give help to educators. 8. Consider the consequences. Lets take a gander at the outline beneath which examines the contrast between the schedule intended for Language instructing and that intended for tests (TEM8) Prospectus intended for language educating Prospectus intended for test TEM 8 Tuning in: Tuning in: To comprehend VOA and BBC program from on - the - spot revealing worried about the legislative issues, economy, culture and training innovation, and so forth. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦Ã£ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦ 1. To see a wide range of English discussion and discourse, or meeting, or extraordinary theme banter on the open event. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦Ã£ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦ As indicated by the editors Messina and Feng Qinghua, the training test picked here is totally founded on the showing prospectus of English major and TEM8 schedule in advanced education. From the outline, we can reach an inference that the TEM8 test is fundamentally founded on the rule that language ought to be test similarly as it is educated. The listening task is isolated into two sections. The previous part contains: (1) talk; (2) discussion; (3) news communicate. There are fifteen various decision inquiries in general. The last part contained: (1) note-taking; (2) hole filling. In scholars assessment the structure of the test concurs with Weirs hypothesis. The benefits of utilizing various decision design to a great extent are that scoring can be consummately dependable and scoring can be quick and affordable. The benefit of not utilizing different decision position to a great extent is that it keeps the students from getting the unsafe discharge. Hughes additionally has a remark on it: It ought to scarcely be important to call attention to that where a test which is essential to understudies is numerous decisions in nature, there is a peril that training for the test will harmfully affect learning and instructing. Practice at various decision things (particularly when, as occurs, as much consideration is paid to improving ones instructed speculating regarding the substance of the things) won't as a rule be the most ideal route for understudies to improve their order of a language. (Hughes, 1989) For the note-taking, as we have no listening recording of the test close by, in any case, having painstakingly inspected the tape-content and the key responses to it, we notice that in spite of the fact that the test centers around whether the understudies have gotten the back rub that was planned to, the material isn't spoken test. All things considered, circumstance, the audience members for the most part have relevant hints to encourage understanding, it is incredibly hard for understudies to backtrack and concentrate on quite certain component of talk while tuning in to and endeavoring to comprehend a non-intelligent, continuous monolog. (Weir, 1990) Therefore, protecting the verbally expressed content ought to be in the analyzers thought. In TAKE NOTE composed by Michael Berman, he calls attention to that the note-taking materials ought to be appropriate for the investigation of styles and registers in contemporary English; during the way toward tuning in, it is critical to be perhaps helped by inquiries from the speaker and the competitors ought to be urged to write in their own words, to incorporate on components of significant significance and utilize watchwords shortenings or images; they ought to be reminded that there is seldom time or requirement for direct citation. (Berman, 1980) Look at the standard of the scoring and the way in to the note taking of this test; it doesn't have this endeavor. Would it be a good idea for it to be improved later on? It is as yet an inquiry to the extent the gainful discharge concerns. Having counseled the so

How To Use Microsoft Word References Tool For Smarter Academic Writing

How To Use Microsoft Word References Tool For Smarter Academic Writing Academic writing requires careful planning and preparation on the front end, and the more time you spend on this preparatory work, the easier the actual writing process will be. An important thing to remember is thisâ€"whenever you can take shortcuts while writing your academic essay, article, thesis or dissertation, take them. Its the little things here and there that can save you a lot of big headache in the overall process. All thats required is a little foresight and knowledge of which shortcuts to take.What is a citation generator tool?A citation generator tool is one such shortcut that comes standard with most word processing programs. For this particular article, well look at Microsoft Word and its citation generator, which can be accessed by choosing References in the main menu of your working document. Its especially useful when youre writing about research in a thesis or dissertation in that it helps you keep track of the dozens of sources you will likely use over the cours e of your research.How do I use Microsoft Words citation generator tool?This guide will walk you through the steps youll need to take to generate both in-text and bibliography citations in your academic writing while using Microsoft Word to write your document.Step 1As you write, go ahead and input the information related to the article or source youre referring to or quoting. As you can see in the screenshot below, this is done by going to References, then choosing Insert Citation.As you write, go ahead and input the information related to the article or source youre referring to or quoting. This is done by going to References, then choosing Insert Citation.Notice that once you choose Insert Citation, you can plug in the Style that needs to be used to cite sources. For the purposes of this tutorial, I chose APA style formatting, but the current Microsoft Word program offers several other formatting styles to choose from, including APA, Chicago, Harvard, IEEE, MLA, Turabian, and oth ers. Youll want to make sure you choose the correct formatting style on each citation you generate through the References option, since the styles vary widely in how sources are cited both in the text and in the final bibliography generated.Step 2After choosing Insert Citation, a menu will show beneath allowing you to Add New Source.After choosing Insert Citation, a menu will show beneath allowing you to Add New Source.Step 3Once you choose Add New Source, a new window will pop up allowing you to create the citation for the source. The first drop-down menu asks for the Type of Source. You can choose between Book, Book Section, Journal Article, Article in a Periodical, Conference Proceedings, or Report.Once you choose Add New Source, a new window will pop up allowing you to create the citation for the source. The first drop-down menu asks for the Type of Source.Step 4Since the example Im showing is a journal article, I chose that as the Type of Source. I then entered information rela ted to the source, including the Title, Journal Name, Year (of publication), Month (of publication), Pages (where the article can be found within the journal), and Volume number.Once you choose Create Source, you can then enter the Title, Journal Name, Year (of publication), Month (of publication), Pages (where the article can be found within the journal), and Volume number.Step 5After inputting the information for your source, click OK and the source will be saved to your project. Youll also see the in-text citation appear in your document at the point where you choose to Insert Citation. Microsoft Word will automatically generate the in-text citation in the correct format based on the citation style you chose when you added the new source.Microsoft Word will automatically generate the in-text citation in the correct format based on the citation style you choose when you added the new source.Step 6Continue to add each source to your working document as you write. When you have fini shed adding all of your sources, you will be able to create a Bibliography, References, or Works Cited list that is automatically generated for you in alphabetical order, and in the correctly formatted citation style youve chosen.Step 7To generate a Bibliography, References, or Works Cited page, simply click on the Bibliography button beneath the References main menu and youll be given a drop-down box showing the different choices that are available.Click on the Bibliography button beneath the References main menu and youll be given a drop-down box showing the different choices that are available.After choosing Bibliography, the following page was automatically generated by Microsoft Word. In a real-world case, I would have put in multiple sources, and each would be listed in alphabetical order once the Bibliography is generated.After choosing between Bibliography, References, and Works Cited, an alphabetized list of your sources used will be automatically generated by the program.

How To Use Microsoft Word References Tool For Smarter Academic Writing

How To Use Microsoft Word References Tool For Smarter Academic Writing Academic writing requires careful planning and preparation on the front end, and the more time you spend on this preparatory work, the easier the actual writing process will be. An important thing to remember is thisâ€"whenever you can take shortcuts while writing your academic essay, article, thesis or dissertation, take them. Its the little things here and there that can save you a lot of big headache in the overall process. All thats required is a little foresight and knowledge of which shortcuts to take.What is a citation generator tool?A citation generator tool is one such shortcut that comes standard with most word processing programs. For this particular article, well look at Microsoft Word and its citation generator, which can be accessed by choosing References in the main menu of your working document. Its especially useful when youre writing about research in a thesis or dissertation in that it helps you keep track of the dozens of sources you will likely use over the cours e of your research.How do I use Microsoft Words citation generator tool?This guide will walk you through the steps youll need to take to generate both in-text and bibliography citations in your academic writing while using Microsoft Word to write your document.Step 1As you write, go ahead and input the information related to the article or source youre referring to or quoting. As you can see in the screenshot below, this is done by going to References, then choosing Insert Citation.As you write, go ahead and input the information related to the article or source youre referring to or quoting. This is done by going to References, then choosing Insert Citation.Notice that once you choose Insert Citation, you can plug in the Style that needs to be used to cite sources. For the purposes of this tutorial, I chose APA style formatting, but the current Microsoft Word program offers several other formatting styles to choose from, including APA, Chicago, Harvard, IEEE, MLA, Turabian, and oth ers. Youll want to make sure you choose the correct formatting style on each citation you generate through the References option, since the styles vary widely in how sources are cited both in the text and in the final bibliography generated.Step 2After choosing Insert Citation, a menu will show beneath allowing you to Add New Source.After choosing Insert Citation, a menu will show beneath allowing you to Add New Source.Step 3Once you choose Add New Source, a new window will pop up allowing you to create the citation for the source. The first drop-down menu asks for the Type of Source. You can choose between Book, Book Section, Journal Article, Article in a Periodical, Conference Proceedings, or Report.Once you choose Add New Source, a new window will pop up allowing you to create the citation for the source. The first drop-down menu asks for the Type of Source.Step 4Since the example Im showing is a journal article, I chose that as the Type of Source. I then entered information rela ted to the source, including the Title, Journal Name, Year (of publication), Month (of publication), Pages (where the article can be found within the journal), and Volume number.Once you choose Create Source, you can then enter the Title, Journal Name, Year (of publication), Month (of publication), Pages (where the article can be found within the journal), and Volume number.Step 5After inputting the information for your source, click OK and the source will be saved to your project. Youll also see the in-text citation appear in your document at the point where you choose to Insert Citation. Microsoft Word will automatically generate the in-text citation in the correct format based on the citation style you chose when you added the new source.Microsoft Word will automatically generate the in-text citation in the correct format based on the citation style you choose when you added the new source.Step 6Continue to add each source to your working document as you write. When you have fini shed adding all of your sources, you will be able to create a Bibliography, References, or Works Cited list that is automatically generated for you in alphabetical order, and in the correctly formatted citation style youve chosen.Step 7To generate a Bibliography, References, or Works Cited page, simply click on the Bibliography button beneath the References main menu and youll be given a drop-down box showing the different choices that are available.Click on the Bibliography button beneath the References main menu and youll be given a drop-down box showing the different choices that are available.After choosing Bibliography, the following page was automatically generated by Microsoft Word. In a real-world case, I would have put in multiple sources, and each would be listed in alphabetical order once the Bibliography is generated.After choosing between Bibliography, References, and Works Cited, an alphabetized list of your sources used will be automatically generated by the program.

How To Use Microsoft Word References Tool For Smarter Academic Writing

How To Use Microsoft Word References Tool For Smarter Academic Writing Academic writing requires careful planning and preparation on the front end, and the more time you spend on this preparatory work, the easier the actual writing process will be. An important thing to remember is thisâ€"whenever you can take shortcuts while writing your academic essay, article, thesis or dissertation, take them. Its the little things here and there that can save you a lot of big headache in the overall process. All thats required is a little foresight and knowledge of which shortcuts to take.What is a citation generator tool?A citation generator tool is one such shortcut that comes standard with most word processing programs. For this particular article, well look at Microsoft Word and its citation generator, which can be accessed by choosing References in the main menu of your working document. Its especially useful when youre writing about research in a thesis or dissertation in that it helps you keep track of the dozens of sources you will likely use over the cours e of your research.How do I use Microsoft Words citation generator tool?This guide will walk you through the steps youll need to take to generate both in-text and bibliography citations in your academic writing while using Microsoft Word to write your document.Step 1As you write, go ahead and input the information related to the article or source youre referring to or quoting. As you can see in the screenshot below, this is done by going to References, then choosing Insert Citation.As you write, go ahead and input the information related to the article or source youre referring to or quoting. This is done by going to References, then choosing Insert Citation.Notice that once you choose Insert Citation, you can plug in the Style that needs to be used to cite sources. For the purposes of this tutorial, I chose APA style formatting, but the current Microsoft Word program offers several other formatting styles to choose from, including APA, Chicago, Harvard, IEEE, MLA, Turabian, and oth ers. Youll want to make sure you choose the correct formatting style on each citation you generate through the References option, since the styles vary widely in how sources are cited both in the text and in the final bibliography generated.Step 2After choosing Insert Citation, a menu will show beneath allowing you to Add New Source.After choosing Insert Citation, a menu will show beneath allowing you to Add New Source.Step 3Once you choose Add New Source, a new window will pop up allowing you to create the citation for the source. The first drop-down menu asks for the Type of Source. You can choose between Book, Book Section, Journal Article, Article in a Periodical, Conference Proceedings, or Report.Once you choose Add New Source, a new window will pop up allowing you to create the citation for the source. The first drop-down menu asks for the Type of Source.Step 4Since the example Im showing is a journal article, I chose that as the Type of Source. I then entered information rela ted to the source, including the Title, Journal Name, Year (of publication), Month (of publication), Pages (where the article can be found within the journal), and Volume number.Once you choose Create Source, you can then enter the Title, Journal Name, Year (of publication), Month (of publication), Pages (where the article can be found within the journal), and Volume number.Step 5After inputting the information for your source, click OK and the source will be saved to your project. Youll also see the in-text citation appear in your document at the point where you choose to Insert Citation. Microsoft Word will automatically generate the in-text citation in the correct format based on the citation style you chose when you added the new source.Microsoft Word will automatically generate the in-text citation in the correct format based on the citation style you choose when you added the new source.Step 6Continue to add each source to your working document as you write. When you have fini shed adding all of your sources, you will be able to create a Bibliography, References, or Works Cited list that is automatically generated for you in alphabetical order, and in the correctly formatted citation style youve chosen.Step 7To generate a Bibliography, References, or Works Cited page, simply click on the Bibliography button beneath the References main menu and youll be given a drop-down box showing the different choices that are available.Click on the Bibliography button beneath the References main menu and youll be given a drop-down box showing the different choices that are available.After choosing Bibliography, the following page was automatically generated by Microsoft Word. In a real-world case, I would have put in multiple sources, and each would be listed in alphabetical order once the Bibliography is generated.After choosing between Bibliography, References, and Works Cited, an alphabetized list of your sources used will be automatically generated by the program.

How To Use Microsoft Word References Tool For Smarter Academic Writing

How To Use Microsoft Word References Tool For Smarter Academic Writing Academic writing requires careful planning and preparation on the front end, and the more time you spend on this preparatory work, the easier the actual writing process will be. An important thing to remember is thisâ€"whenever you can take shortcuts while writing your academic essay, article, thesis or dissertation, take them. Its the little things here and there that can save you a lot of big headache in the overall process. All thats required is a little foresight and knowledge of which shortcuts to take.What is a citation generator tool?A citation generator tool is one such shortcut that comes standard with most word processing programs. For this particular article, well look at Microsoft Word and its citation generator, which can be accessed by choosing References in the main menu of your working document. Its especially useful when youre writing about research in a thesis or dissertation in that it helps you keep track of the dozens of sources you will likely use over the cours e of your research.How do I use Microsoft Words citation generator tool?This guide will walk you through the steps youll need to take to generate both in-text and bibliography citations in your academic writing while using Microsoft Word to write your document.Step 1As you write, go ahead and input the information related to the article or source youre referring to or quoting. As you can see in the screenshot below, this is done by going to References, then choosing Insert Citation.As you write, go ahead and input the information related to the article or source youre referring to or quoting. This is done by going to References, then choosing Insert Citation.Notice that once you choose Insert Citation, you can plug in the Style that needs to be used to cite sources. For the purposes of this tutorial, I chose APA style formatting, but the current Microsoft Word program offers several other formatting styles to choose from, including APA, Chicago, Harvard, IEEE, MLA, Turabian, and oth ers. Youll want to make sure you choose the correct formatting style on each citation you generate through the References option, since the styles vary widely in how sources are cited both in the text and in the final bibliography generated.Step 2After choosing Insert Citation, a menu will show beneath allowing you to Add New Source.After choosing Insert Citation, a menu will show beneath allowing you to Add New Source.Step 3Once you choose Add New Source, a new window will pop up allowing you to create the citation for the source. The first drop-down menu asks for the Type of Source. You can choose between Book, Book Section, Journal Article, Article in a Periodical, Conference Proceedings, or Report.Once you choose Add New Source, a new window will pop up allowing you to create the citation for the source. The first drop-down menu asks for the Type of Source.Step 4Since the example Im showing is a journal article, I chose that as the Type of Source. I then entered information rela ted to the source, including the Title, Journal Name, Year (of publication), Month (of publication), Pages (where the article can be found within the journal), and Volume number.Once you choose Create Source, you can then enter the Title, Journal Name, Year (of publication), Month (of publication), Pages (where the article can be found within the journal), and Volume number.Step 5After inputting the information for your source, click OK and the source will be saved to your project. Youll also see the in-text citation appear in your document at the point where you choose to Insert Citation. Microsoft Word will automatically generate the in-text citation in the correct format based on the citation style you chose when you added the new source.Microsoft Word will automatically generate the in-text citation in the correct format based on the citation style you choose when you added the new source.Step 6Continue to add each source to your working document as you write. When you have fini shed adding all of your sources, you will be able to create a Bibliography, References, or Works Cited list that is automatically generated for you in alphabetical order, and in the correctly formatted citation style youve chosen.Step 7To generate a Bibliography, References, or Works Cited page, simply click on the Bibliography button beneath the References main menu and youll be given a drop-down box showing the different choices that are available.Click on the Bibliography button beneath the References main menu and youll be given a drop-down box showing the different choices that are available.After choosing Bibliography, the following page was automatically generated by Microsoft Word. In a real-world case, I would have put in multiple sources, and each would be listed in alphabetical order once the Bibliography is generated.After choosing between Bibliography, References, and Works Cited, an alphabetized list of your sources used will be automatically generated by the program.

How To Use Microsoft Word References Tool For Smarter Academic Writing

How To Use Microsoft Word References Tool For Smarter Academic Writing Academic writing requires careful planning and preparation on the front end, and the more time you spend on this preparatory work, the easier the actual writing process will be. An important thing to remember is thisâ€"whenever you can take shortcuts while writing your academic essay, article, thesis or dissertation, take them. Its the little things here and there that can save you a lot of big headache in the overall process. All thats required is a little foresight and knowledge of which shortcuts to take.What is a citation generator tool?A citation generator tool is one such shortcut that comes standard with most word processing programs. For this particular article, well look at Microsoft Word and its citation generator, which can be accessed by choosing References in the main menu of your working document. Its especially useful when youre writing about research in a thesis or dissertation in that it helps you keep track of the dozens of sources you will likely use over the cours e of your research.How do I use Microsoft Words citation generator tool?This guide will walk you through the steps youll need to take to generate both in-text and bibliography citations in your academic writing while using Microsoft Word to write your document.Step 1As you write, go ahead and input the information related to the article or source youre referring to or quoting. As you can see in the screenshot below, this is done by going to References, then choosing Insert Citation.As you write, go ahead and input the information related to the article or source youre referring to or quoting. This is done by going to References, then choosing Insert Citation.Notice that once you choose Insert Citation, you can plug in the Style that needs to be used to cite sources. For the purposes of this tutorial, I chose APA style formatting, but the current Microsoft Word program offers several other formatting styles to choose from, including APA, Chicago, Harvard, IEEE, MLA, Turabian, and oth ers. Youll want to make sure you choose the correct formatting style on each citation you generate through the References option, since the styles vary widely in how sources are cited both in the text and in the final bibliography generated.Step 2After choosing Insert Citation, a menu will show beneath allowing you to Add New Source.After choosing Insert Citation, a menu will show beneath allowing you to Add New Source.Step 3Once you choose Add New Source, a new window will pop up allowing you to create the citation for the source. The first drop-down menu asks for the Type of Source. You can choose between Book, Book Section, Journal Article, Article in a Periodical, Conference Proceedings, or Report.Once you choose Add New Source, a new window will pop up allowing you to create the citation for the source. The first drop-down menu asks for the Type of Source.Step 4Since the example Im showing is a journal article, I chose that as the Type of Source. I then entered information rela ted to the source, including the Title, Journal Name, Year (of publication), Month (of publication), Pages (where the article can be found within the journal), and Volume number.Once you choose Create Source, you can then enter the Title, Journal Name, Year (of publication), Month (of publication), Pages (where the article can be found within the journal), and Volume number.Step 5After inputting the information for your source, click OK and the source will be saved to your project. Youll also see the in-text citation appear in your document at the point where you choose to Insert Citation. Microsoft Word will automatically generate the in-text citation in the correct format based on the citation style you chose when you added the new source.Microsoft Word will automatically generate the in-text citation in the correct format based on the citation style you choose when you added the new source.Step 6Continue to add each source to your working document as you write. When you have fini shed adding all of your sources, you will be able to create a Bibliography, References, or Works Cited list that is automatically generated for you in alphabetical order, and in the correctly formatted citation style youve chosen.Step 7To generate a Bibliography, References, or Works Cited page, simply click on the Bibliography button beneath the References main menu and youll be given a drop-down box showing the different choices that are available.Click on the Bibliography button beneath the References main menu and youll be given a drop-down box showing the different choices that are available.After choosing Bibliography, the following page was automatically generated by Microsoft Word. In a real-world case, I would have put in multiple sources, and each would be listed in alphabetical order once the Bibliography is generated.After choosing between Bibliography, References, and Works Cited, an alphabetized list of your sources used will be automatically generated by the program.

Covalent Compound Names Quiz

Healthcare Professional Organization And Community Service

Healthcare Professional Organization and Community Service: Review and Analyses Membership within healthcare professional organizations and community service organizations can be very beneficial to one’s career within healthcare management. In this paper, I will review and analyze three healthcare professional organizations: the American Association of Healthcare Administrative Management, the Health Care Administrators Association, and the Association for Healthcare Administrative Professionals. I will identify the key characteristics that make each organization unique. Additionally, I will address the advantages and disadvantages of joining each of these organizations. In the final section, I will briefly describe the American Red Cross and discuss how volunteering within the community can help one develop essential skills necessary to excel in a career within healthcare management. The American Association of Healthcare Administrative Management (AAHAM) is a professional organization that aims to educate and certify healthcare professionals in areas of reimbursement, admitting and registrations, data management, medical records, and patient relations (American Association of Healthcare Administrative Management, 2015). 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Do Stop and Searches Breach Our Privacy Free Essays

Since it was first introduced, the ‘stop and search’ method of countering crime has sparked a fierce debate as to whether these searches are morally right. Happening almost daily, the practice continues to be very controversial, with many claiming that ‘stop and searches’ breach our right to privacy. In the next couple of paragraphs, I shall attempt to answer the question â€Å"do stop and searches breach our privacy?† and learn a little more about the controversial topic. We will write a custom essay sample on Do Stop and Searches Breach Our Privacy? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Depending on where in the UK one lives, one is likely to be stopped and searched at least once in their life by a police officer – it has become an inevitable fact. When told by an officer that they are going to be searched in public, a person is given a number of key rights and responsibilities. Both the former and the latter are obvious: the right to be told the officer’s name and police station, the right to receive a ‘receipt’ from the officer about the search, the right to not be strip searched in public, and the right to be searched by an officer of the same sex, as well as the responsibility to comply with the police, to not resist or abuse the officers, to take off all garments when asked to (only up to a jacket; never trousers or a shirt), and the responsibility to tell them your name and address. This fairly ordinary occurrence happens all the time, and is, for many, a regular procedure. It may seem like a harmless, if slightly annoying, chore. Unfortunately, when one looks a little deeper into the facts and statistics, there seems to be a racially-motivated reason why some social groups are more searched than others; black people are six times more likely to be stopped and searched than white people, and Asians are twice as likely. Most people are searched under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act, which gives police officers the permission to perform the act randomly with anybody they suspect of carrying drugs or concealed weapons. The stubbornly high levels are shocking as it would seem that, according to members of the police force, people from ethnic minority groups are more likely to carry illegal drugs or items. This prejudice has led to more fierce debate and is, quite simply, unfair. Many people attack ‘stop and searches’ due to this fact, claiming that this racially-motivated trend is ridiculously cruel, and out-dated for modern western society. Another argument against the ‘stop and search’ procedure is one that criticises the lack of evidence that proves that ethnic minorities are more likely to be involved in crime; it is simply not justifiable for officers to base their ‘reasonable suspicion’ on personal beliefs. A final argument is the low reduction of crime caused by the search, with crime rates dropping by only 0.2%. On the other hand, many claim that it is a necessary way to prevent crime, and is justifiable as an officer should know who is more likely to commit offenses. Some also believe that due to the large amount of crime possibly prevented by ‘stop and searches’ (in 2009 14,700 people were arrested and 7,500 knives were recovered) the whole thing has helped to make society a safer place. In conclusion, it seems clear that the ‘stop and search’ method is wrong and has little impact on criminals, and despite the amount of crime prevented, the whole procedure is unnecessary, unfair, bullying, and inefficient. How to cite Do Stop and Searches Breach Our Privacy?, Papers

Taxation Theory practice and Law

Question: Discuss about the Taxation Theory practice and Law. Answer: Introduction The Australian case Study and Prevention of Psychological Diseases Foundation v Commissioner of Taxation [2015] FCA 1117 is categorised under the division of taxation appeals. This division originated in the year 1986 by the legislature as an impartial and independent body for resolving disputes regarding licensing and tax. This is governed by the Tax Appeals Tribunal comprising three commissioners duly appointed and confirmed by the Governor and the State Senate (New York State Tax Appeals and Tax Appeals Tribunal, 2013). The study and Prevention of Psychological Diseases Foundation (SPED) was built in 2005 and since its incorporation, the charitable foundation SPED received endorsements such as exemption from income tax under section 30-125 and was also offered with a deductible gift recipient (DGR). SPED further obtained other endorsements during its incorporation under section 176-1(1) as a charitable institution and under section 123D (2) as a charity for health promotion (AustL II, 2013). With reference to the above concept, McGregor-Lowndes (2009) opined that most of the non-profit institutions are allowed several concessions and exemptions from fees, taxes and other charges. However, facts the state that a charitable foundation bears non-charitable purposes both ancillary or incidentally to fulfil its core purpose on the organisation and does not overthrow the gifts to the charitable institutions [Stratton v Simpson [1970] HCA 45; (1970) 125 CLR 138] (McGregor-Lowndes, 2009). This case scenario can be considered a strict warning for the charitable institutions who disregards the implementation of the process of scrutiny prior to initial endorsements (Commonwealth of Australia, 2015). The case was concerned with the endorsements of SPED, which is recognized as a charitable foundation to support the prevention programs for several Psychological Diseases exclusively through their research work (Commonwealth of Australia, 2015). In 2009, a review was conducted for the e ndorsements of SPED and by 2011s 6th April, it was discovered that SPED had failed to meet the requirements regarding the endorsements which granted during its incorporation. Based on this review, SPED had further applied for a review against the decision made by the Commissioner on 27th of April, 2012. Through this case, in the initial stages, both the Tribunal and the Federal Court stated that regardless of the core objectives, the actual activities were obligatory to be fulfilled and not only the member of SPED, but also the general public must be benefitted (Corney Lind Lawyers Pty Ltd, 2017). Section Breached and Reasons for Such Infringement The legal system in Australia is completely relies on the wide systems, which are governed by rights and laws wherein, breach of any standard practice may lead to the cause of severe disciplinary actions (Mental Health Co-ordinating Council Inc, 2015). SPED received few endorsements at the time of its incorporation, out of which A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999 (Cth) (GST Act) under section 176-1(1) and Fringe Benefits Tax Assessment Act 1986(Cth) (FBTAA) under section 123D(2) were breached (AustLII, n.d.). Under section 176-1(1), the division deals with the endorsements regarding charitable foundations. This section entails that the Commissioner can consider an entity as a charitable foundation only when it is has the authorization for the same. The consideration can be determined on the grounds of whether the entity had registered for the under the Taxation Administration Act 1953 correspondingly with Division 426 within Schedule 1. Secondly, this Act also highlights the condition that only if the entity is a charitable institution and possesses ABN, it can obtain the permission to be recognised as a charitable institution in true sense (Lakshmikumaran Sridharan, 2008). On the other hand, Fringe Benefits Tax Assessment Act 1986(Cth) (FBTAA) under section 123D(2) states that an entity would be authorized as a charitable institution for health promotion only if it bears ABN, is registered to provide charity for health promotion and is by no means an individual (AustLII, n.d.). On this note, it can be ascertained from the review report that being termed as charitable institution, SPED had beached the terms and condition of both the Acts. It was identified through the review as a health promotion charitable institution that their principle motive or activity was not to endorse control or prevention of diseases. However, the sole benefit of the members working within the entity was to earn profits, which lead to the breach of the foremost principle stated in the endorsement. Moreover, it was also doubted that the members of SPED either had blood relation or were partners since its incorporation (Corney Lind Lawyers Pty Ltd, 2017). Under SPEDs Constitution, the clause 10 11 states that the admission of member would be unlimited and a person may willingly apply for becoming a part of SPED by signing form, duly accepted by the Broad, but this was against considered untrue. Furthermore, the breach of being a charitable foundation for health promotion was promin ent in the eye of the Tribunal and Federal Court wherein, availing personal benefits for the sake of the foundation was at peak. SPED claimed that its expenditures were purely on its research but overwhelmingly, the members were largely benefited such as with living expenses and all other personal expenditures and even on few investments (The Tax Institute, 2017; AustLII, 2013). The core objectives for a charitable foundation is supposed to provide public health benefits either intangibly or tangibly [Downing v Federal Commissioner of Taxation [1971] HCA 38; (1971) 125 CLR 185] (AustLII, 2013). SPED particularly aimed to protect the objectives of the chartable institution by funding and operating research team and stated that its study would consider human behaviour in terms of their physical, social and emotional conditions and environment. Moreover, the property and income would be applicable for promoting its institutions objectives conducted by the members. However, no such evidence was found to such claims made by SPED (Corney Lind Lawyers Pty Ltd, 2017; Television Education Network Pty Ltd, 2014). Critical Discussion and Analysis of Tribunal Decisions In case of Study and Prevention of Psychological Diseases Foundation v Commissioner of Taxation, the federal court sustained a decision of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal that the Study and Prevention of Psychological Diseases Foundation (SPED) did not follow the norms of charitable institutions or health promotion charitable organizations. Due to this reason, the Federal court passed on the case to the Tribunal for considering the question that rose regarding the cancelation date of SPEDs endorsements as a charitable health promotion organization. Initially, the commissioner had certified SPED as the entity that was free from income tax (The Tax Institute, 2017). In July, 2005, SPED was considered the charitable institution under section 176-1(1) of A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999 (GST Act) and the deductable gift recipients under section 50-110 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (ITAA 1997). Moreover, SPED was being referred as the health promotion charity under section 123D(2) of the Fringe Benefit Tax Assessment Act 1986 (FBTAA) (AustLII, 2013a; AustLII, 2013b). A review of SPEDs endorsements were declared free from income tax due to charity as per the Subdiv 50-B of the ITAA 1997 was taken into action from 2009s August. After few years, in 2011 April Commissioner of Taxation advised SPED that since the organization could not adhere to all the norms of the stated endorsements. Due to this reason, the Commissioner cancelled the previous endorsement in accordance with section 426-55 of the Taxation Administration Act 1953, which was applied for SPED from 2009 (AustLII, 2013a). In context to the objection of Taxation Commissioner, certain issues required evaluation such as SPEDs presence as a charitable institution, health promotion charity and the date when the revocation had become effective in case the objection was proved. In accordance of situation analysis, the study must concentrate on factual background of SPED. From the recorded data of AustLII (2013a), it can be affirmed that the initiation of SPED was full of controversies regarding the collection of funds from the mid 1980s to 2000. Hence, the members of SPED made television appearances, launched books, represented national as well as international conferences for its research team, which came to be known as the Ideal Human Environment Social Research Team (IHESRT). In addition, between these years, IHESRT undertook several projects for funding and then proposed the Ideal Human Environment (IHE). In the year 2000, IHE Foundation was established and provided relief programs to the young people, w ho suffered from social disorders. Later, in 2005 SPED was implemented within IHE that conducted programs for the promotion of prevention for psychological diseases. Its constitution was entirely objected towards public benefit and charitable purposes on24 x 7basis (AustLII, 2013a). According to the clause 3.1 of SPED, any income the member derives is classified as fund-raising for SPED and any kind of expenses that could be derived from the efforts of the members. On the other hand, from the recorded financial deals of SPED, it concluded that there was a project named Project Vanuatu which did not proceed but advanced with $1,100,000 and was sold in the year 2008. However, the deal was not settled until four years from the initiation of the deal. Moreover, there were several handsome amounts of income sources including Donations, Dividends from Shares, Gain on Options Trading and Trust Distributions. The pattern of transactions throughout the year raised questions regarding SPEDs legal funding. The term charitable has a scientific and legal meaning, which clearly depicts that a charitable institution need to be linked with charitable purposes [Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Word Investments Ltd [2008] HCA 55; (2008) 236 CLR 204 at 262] (AustLII, 2013a; High Court of Australia, 2008a). In addition, this type of foundation aimed at providing public benefits rather than on personal grounds. The benefits can be tangible or intangible but the beneficial aspects must be available to the public [Downing v Federal Commissioner of Taxation [1971] HCA 38; (1971) 125 CLR 185] (Bryan et.al., 2016; High Court of Australia, 2008c). The foundation should maintain its charitable purposes to adhere to the technical and legal meaning of charitable [Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Word Investments Limited [2008] HCA 55; (2008) 236 CLR 204 at 216217] (AustLII, 2013a; High Court of Australia, 2008b). If an organizations constituent documents states that its purposes are entirely charitable, but reality turn out to be completely opposite then the organization may be considered working against the legal norms. SPEDs actual work procedures were not aligned with its constituent documents and did not fulfil the charitable purposes as well. The commissioner also found disputes in SPED as an institution, because an entity is not an institution, as that term is used in the description charitable institution, merely through incorporation [Stratton v Simpson [1970] HCA 45; (1970) 125 CLR 138, at 158] (AustLII, 2013a). In the context of the above discussed scenario, it is quite obvious that SPED cannot avail the benefits of any endorsements that were granted previously. The revocation should start from the day specified by Commissioner according to s 426-55(2) of the Taxation Administration Act 1953. With relation to revocation, SPED launched complaints on the grounds of revocation date that was prepared by considering a back-date of 1st January 2005. However, this complain did not change the decisions of the Tribunal, but the revocation of the endorsement might begin from the date that Tribunal decides or the date as decided by the Commissioner. In order to confirm these facts regarding revocation, Business Activity Statement Audit (BAS) was conducted in the year 2007, wherein SPEDs actual activities and financial affairs were not analyzed adequately. Besides, the organization was not even appropriately informed about the requisites of the audit program. Due to this reason, the decision of Commiss ioner regarding the endorsement revocation became effective from 1st January 2005. In accordance to this date, Tribunal mentioned that two endorsements had not come into effect until July 2005, but there were possibilities that these endorsements might become effective from earlier dates. Although the issue was not raised by any parties of this case the Tribunal accomplished the certainty provision and affirmed the objection decision (AustLII, 2013a). Conclusion Based on the above legal aspects, it can be asserted that SPED had definitely chosen a wrong direction towards the legislative facets. The institution and charitable organisations have certain legal norms of endorsements, which SPED could not adhere adequately and hence was considered liable to revocation by the Taxation Commission. References AustLII, No Date, Commonwealth Consolidated Acts, Index, viewed 31 January 2017, https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/fbtaa1986312/s123d.html. AustLII, 2013, Administrative Appeals Tribunal of Australia, Cases, viewed 31 January 2017, https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/AATA/2013/919.html. AustLII, 2013a. The Study and Prevention of Psychological Diseases Foundation Incorporated and Commissioner of Taxation [2013] AATA 919 (20 December 2013), Administrative Appeals Tribunal of Australia, viewed 31 January 2017, https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/aat/2013/919.html. AustLII, 2013b, Study and Prevention of Psychological Diseases Foundation v Commissioner of Taxation [2015] FCA 1117 (21 October 2015), Federal Court of Australia, viewed 31 January 2017, https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/FCA/2015/1117.html. Bryan, M., Degeling, S., Donald, S. , Vann, V., 2016, A Sourcebook on Equity and Trusts in Australia, Australia Cambridge University Press. Commonwealth of Australia, 2015. Non-Profit News Service Federal Court decision on SPED Appeal. Not-for-Profit, viewed 31 January 2017, https://www.ato.gov.au/non-profit/non-profit-news-service/in-detail/articles/non-profit-news-service---federal-court-decision-on-sped-appeal/. Corney Lind Lawyers Pty Ltd, 2017, Retrospective revocation of charitable status and tax benefit entitlements. What it means to have charitable objectives., Resources Events, viewed 31 January 2017, https://www.corneyandlind.com.au/resource-centre/not-for-profit/case-note-the-study-and-prevention-of-psychological-diseases-foundation-sped-v-commissioner-of-taxation-2015-fca-1117/. High Court of Australia, 2008a, Commissioner of Taxation of the Commonwealth of Australia v Word Investments Limited [2008] HCA 55, High Court of Australia. viewed 31 January 2017, https://eresources.hcourt.gov.au/showCase/2008/HCA/55. High Court of Australia, 2008b, Commissioner of Taxation of The Commonwealth of Australia v Word Investments Limited, High Court of Australia, p. 1. High Court of Australia, 2008c, Downing v Commissioner Of Taxation (Cth) [1971] HCA 38, High Court of Australia, viewed 31 January 2017, https://eresources.hcourt.gov.au/showbyHandle/1/231341. Lakshmikumaran Sridharan, 2008, A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999, Data, pp. 1-586. McGregor-Lowndes, M., 2009, Measuring Comparative Worthiness of Charities An Australian Perspective, Documents, pp. 1-23. Mental Health Co-ordinating Council Inc, 2015, Available at: Chapter 2 Section A: The Legal Framework, MHCC Mental Health Rights Manual. viewed 31 January 2017, https://mhrm.mhcc.org.au/chapter-2/2a.aspx. New York State Tax Appeals and Tax Appeals Tribunal, 2013, Division of tax appeals. Services. viewed 31 January 2017, https://www.dta.ny.gov/about/. Television Education Network Pty Ltd, 2014, AAT Agrees With Commissioners Backdated Revocation Of Charitable Endorsement For Family Charity. The Study and Prevention of Psychological Diseases Foundation Incorporated Commissioner of Taxation [2013] AATA 919 (20 December 2013), viewed 31 January 2017, https://www.tved.net.au/dsp_news_printView.cfm?News_ID=2044. The Tax Institute, 2017, Psychological diseases foundation not charitable institution - Study and Prevention of Psychological Diseases Foundation. The Tax Institute. viewed 31 January 2017, https://www.taxinstitute.com.au/news/psychological-diseases-foundation-not-charitable-institution-study-and-prevention-of-psychological-diseases-foundation.

McDonalds Enters the Chinese Market free essay sample

An exploration of the economic impact of McDonalds entering the Chinese market. McDonalds is the largest food service retailer in the world with more than 30,000 restaurants in 121 countries. This paper explores the economic impact of McDonalds entering the Chinese market. The two main economic impacts discussed are employment and the encouraging of greater foreign trade and investment. It also briefly describes the economic collaboration between America and China, the restaurant industry in China, and the goals that McDonalds has for the Chinese Market. Every new McDonalds Restaurant creates at least 100 new job opportunities depending on the size of the store. So by 2013 McDonalds would have created at least 100,000 more jobs for Chinas economy. In addition, McDonalds provides its employees with an opportunity to advance in the organization, McDonalds Restaurants offers comprehensive training programs to all staff levels and is committed to promoting from within. We will write a custom essay sample on McDonalds Enters the Chinese Market or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (http://www.sjross.com/mcdonalds.html) This commitment provides workers with increased pay and training.

Mental Lexicon Definition and Examples in English

Mental Lexicon Definition and Examples in English In psycholinguistics, a persons internalized knowledge of the properties of words. Also known as a mental dictionary. There are various definitions of mental lexicon. In their book The Mental Lexicon: Core Perspectives (2008), Gonia Jarema and Gary Libben attempt this definition: The mental lexicon is the cognitive system that constitutes the capacity for conscious and unconscious lexical activity. The term mental lexicon was introduced by R.C. Oldfield in the article Things, Words and the Brain (Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, v. 18, 1966). Examples and Observations The fact that a speaker can mentally find the word that he/she wants in less than 200 milliseconds, and in certain cases, even before it is heard, is proof that the mental lexicon is ordered in such a way as to facilitate access and retrieval.(Pamela B. Faber and Ricardo Mairal Usà ³n, Constructing a Lexicon of English Verbs. Walter de Gruyter, 1999)The Dictionary Metaphor- What is this mental dictionary, or lexicon, like? We can conceive of it as similar to a printed dictionary, that is, as consisting of pairings of meanings with sound representations. A printed dictionary has listed at each entry a pronunciation of the word and its definition in terms of other words. In a similar fashion, the mental lexicon must represent at least some aspects of the meaning of the word, although surely not in the same way as does a printed dictionary; likewise, it must include information about the pronunciation of the word although, again, probably not in the same form as an ordinary dictionary. (D. Fay and A. Cutler, Malapropisms and the Structure of the Mental Lexicon. Linguistic Inquiry, 1977)- The  human  word-store is often referred to as the mental dictionary  or, perhaps more commonly, as the  mental  lexicon, to use the Greek word for dictionary. There is, however, relatively little similarity between the words in our minds and the words in book dictionaries, even though the information will sometimes overlap. . . .[E]ven if the mental lexicon turns out to be partially organised in terms of initial sounds, the order will certainly not be straightforwardly alphabetical. Other aspects of the words sound structure, such as its ending, its stress pattern and the stressed vowel, are all likely to play a role in the arrangement of words in the mind.Furthermore, consider a speech error such as The inhabitants of the car were unhurt. where the speaker presumably meant to say passengers rather than inhabitants. Such mistakes show that, unlike book  dictionaries, human  mental dictionaries  cannot be organized solely on the basis of sounds or spelling. Meaning must be taken into consideration as well, since humans fairly often confuse words with similar meanings, as in Please hand me the tin-opener when the speaker wants to crack a nut, so must have meant nut-crackers.(Jean Aitchison,  Words in the Mind: An Introduction to the Mental Lexicon. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003) An Australians Mental LexiconEven with hard yakka, youve got Buckleys of understanding this dinkum English sentence, unless youre an Aussie.An Australian has no difficulty understanding the above sentence, while other English speakers might struggle. The words yakka, Buckleys, and dinkum are in the vocabulary of most Australians, that is, they are stored as entries in the mental lexicon, and therefore an Australian has access to the meanings of these words and can consequently comprehend the sentence. If one possessed no mental lexicon, communication through language would be precluded.(Marcus Taft, Reading and the Mental Lexicon. Psychology Press, 1991)

Sexual Harassment lawsuits often include wrongful discharge Essay

Sexual Harassment lawsuits often include wrongful discharge - Essay Example More specifically, after announcing the relevant decision, an employee has to leave his/ her work without – practical – having any financial claim (compensation, lost benefits and so on) against the employer. Of course, the fact that employee was forced to quit – i.e. that it was not his/ her own willing but the result of the pressure made on him/ her because of specific facts taking place in the workplace – maybe leave space for relevant claims. In law, such a situation is commonly known as constructive wrongful discharge; employees that were forced to quit do not always manage to persuade the court regarding the facts on which their decision was based – i.e. a constructive wrongful discharge is rather difficult to be proved in practice; as a result an employee who suffered sexual harassment can be left with no work and no compensation even if he/ she had no other alternative but to proceed to the specific reaction (i.e. to quit). The specific issue has been extensively examined in the Courts across USA; the court’s decisions tend to vary in accordance with the circumstances of each particular case and the ability of the employee to convince the Court regarding the real facts of the particular conflict. In any case it has been proved that sexual harassment lawsuits are based on their majority on constructive wrongful discharge. The various aspects of sexual harassment are not particular difficult to be understood. They can involve in both verbal and actual harassment that is characterized by sexual references by the other employee’s (including the manager’s) side. The specific issue (sexual harassment is not easy to be described and analyzed especially if taking into account the conditions in modern workplace). In accordance with Feary (1994, 649) ‘sexual harassment does not result from ignorance about fact or law; it is a problem which will be resolved only when

Marketing Strategy of Nintendo Wii Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Strategy of Nintendo Wii - Case Study Example In most present day strategy literature, competitiveness seems to cover state-of the art thinking. "Strategic positioning is concern with the impact on strategy of the external environment, an organisation's strategic capability (resources and competences) and the expectations and the influence of stakeholders. (Johnson, Scholes& Whittington, 2005:17). Using Porters five forces framework, one will see that the intensity of competition in this market is very high, coming primarily from the market leaders like Sony and Microsoft. How ever, there are some other niche players in Asia and Europe. The Entertainment industry has become diverse especially with the current pace of technological advancement. Buyer's loyalty will be high with respect to those producers who dance to the taste of time (The case of Sony), offer customers a good value for their money and see them as strategic partners and not customers Suppliers tend to have a low bargaining power with the respective dealers. In the entertainment market, mostly the main company set the price including wholesalers and retailers commission. Thus, working with suppliers is not an issue at stake as their switching cost is high. "The influence of words over men is astounding." -- Napoleon. ... With the current level of sales and profit being enjoyed by participants in the market, s threat of potential entrants from China or Asia is high. China is presently considered as an emerging market. A solution for Nintendo will be to offer customers a better value for their money using the marketing mixes. 1.3 Nintendo Strategic marketing Objective "The influence of words over men is astounding." -- Napoleon. As the whole world gears for peace, marketers and other business people talk in terms of war. We see battle words everywhere in business: Japan bashing, corporate raiders, hostile takeovers, cola wars. Marketing is war. With the advent of events, ordinary business executive fancy themselves as warriors. Aggressively attacking weak companies, and defending market shares. Positioning products in people's minds and making them attractive to market segments requires careful formulation of the marketing mix. Getting the right blend of the product, promotion price and distribution is essential to put the carefully carried out analysis into operation. The aim is to portray an image for the product or service that will match with how one wants the product to be visualized in people's mind2. Thus with the recent launching of the Nintendo WII in the UK market, these features were carefully integrated to give the product a break through. Table 1: A summary of what constitute each of the Ps of the 4Ps Product Tangible products Psychological attributes Quality Services Benefits and features Packaging Styling Image Branding Customer service After care Guarantees Image Pricing Selling price Price positioning Distributor margins Credit Discounts Payment methods Price promotions

Malignant Hyperthermia Treatment Case Study

Malignant Hyperthermia Treatment Case Study In this scenario, there is a 35 year old female patient who develops malignant hyperthermia during surgery. Malignant hyperthermia is an uncommon pharmacogeneric disorder that leads to the hypermetabolic reactions of the skeletal muscle. [Ben Abraham, et al, 1998, Britt, 1985, Hopkins, 2008]. Age, type of anesthetic, environmental temperature, mitigating drugs administered simultaneously and degree of stress play an important role in triggering malignant hyperthermia. [Ording, 1985]. Primarily, potent inhalation anesthetic agents and depolarizing muscle relaxants such as succinylcholine are the major triggering factor amongst all the triggering factors. Malignant hyperthermia can happen at any time during surgery especially after the induction of the anesthetic and in the early postoperative period. Besides that, there is a tendency of the recurrent of malignant hyperthermia as well. Even though hypermetabolic reaction of skeletal muscle will cause hyperthermia and rhabdomyolysis but fever is not the earliest symptom of malignant hyperthermia. The earliest signs and symptoms of malignant hyperthermia are increase in the end-expired carbon dioxide concentration (EtCO2), tachycardia and muscle rigidity (especially when succinylcholine is given). [Britt, 1985]. Furthermore, the late sign of malignant hyperthermia is elevation of the body temperature. [Ali et al, 2003; Britt,1985].The other signs and symptoms are unstable blood pressure, tachypnea, hyperkalemia and arrhythmia. According to Hogan, 1998 the estimated incidence of malignant hyperthermia during anesthesia in North America and Europe is 1:15000 anesthetics for children and adolescents and 1:50000- 1:150000 anesthetics for adults. [Hogan, 1998].All ethnic groups are affected with malignant hyperthermia and males are more prone to be affected compared to female. [Britt, 1976; Hopkins, 2008]. The mortality was around 80% thirty years ago and has been reduced to less than 10% with the introduction of the muscle relaxant dantrolene sodium, widespread education and clinical and research investigation. [Ali, 2003; MacLennan, 1990] Malignant hyperthermia is an inherited disorder where the calcium channel that mediates the excitation contraction coupling in skeletal muscle is mutated. As a result, the calcium channel is very sensitive to the anesthetic agents [Hopkins, 2008]. This will lead to the uncontrolled release of cytoplasmic calcium from the sarcroplasmic reticulum upon the induction of anesthetic agents [Hopkins, 2008; Rosenberg et al. 2004]. As a matter of fact, there is a continued interaction between actin and myosin with sustained muscle contraction [Hopkins, 2008; Rosenberg et al. 2004]. The manifestation of the signs and symptoms of malignant hyperthermia can be explained by the increased release of the calcium. At first, this mechanism is compensated by the resequestion of calcium, which has lead to the breakdown of the adenosine trisphosphate (ATP) [Hopkins, 2008; Rosenberg et al. 2004]. This will cause the stimulation of the metabolism and results in increased oxygen consumption, heat and carbo n dioxide production. The breakdown of the ATP causes the release of the potassium into the extracellular fluid results in hyperkalemia and this will lead to the development of cardiac arrhythmias. Besides that, the continuous contraction of the skeletal muscle due to the breakdown of the ATP will lead to the further production of heat. As a result, there will be a further increase of oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide and lactic acid production, which, will lead to metabolic acidosis [Britt, 1985; Hopkins, 2008; Rosenberg et al. 2004]. In addition, the increase of the production of heat will also increase the contractility of the skeletal muscle hence further worsening the rhabdomyolysis process. If malignant hyperthermia is untreated, it might lead to vital organ dysfunction, acute renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, congestive heart failure and even death. In this scenario, since the patient developed malignant hyperthermia during surgery, thereby the management of malignant hyperthermia can be divided into emergency treatment and postoperative treatment. When there is an acute development of malignant hyperthermia during surgery, all triggering agents have to be discontinued and the patient has to be hyperventilated with 100% oxygen to lower the end tidal CO2 immediately. This is followed by administration of 2.5mg/kg dantrolene sodium intravenously every 5 minute until the signs and symptoms of malignant hyperthermia are under controlled. [Morgan et al. 2006]. The dose of dantrolene can be titrated up to 10mg/kg. [Gronert et al., 1976; Harrison, 1988]. The monitoring of blood gases, all serum electrolytes, muscle enzyme such as cretine kinase, clotting profile, blood and urine for myoglobin, blood glucose, lactate and urea nitrogen must be carried out frequently during the surgery. Sodium bicarbonate should be given to correct the me tabolic acidosis to the normal level. In addition, patient has to be closed monitored and anti-arrhythmic except calcium channel blocker can be given for arrhythmias. Cooling measures have to be initiated if there is the present of hyperthermia. Ice packs to groin, axilla, and neck, cooling blanket, and nasogastric lavage with iced solution can be used to cooling down the patient. The cooling measures have to be stop if the body temperature is at 38.5oC. In order to treat myoglobinaemia and thus acute prevent renal failure urine output and urine pH should be greater than 3ml/kg/h and pH7 respectively. [Hopkins, 2008]. This diuresis can be achieved by hydrating the patient with crystalloid solutions together with mannitol (0.3g/kg) and furosemide (0.5-1.0mg/kg). [Hopkins, 2008; Mary, 1998]. Hyperkalaemia which is life threatening can be treated with glucose, insulin, intravenous calcium and intravenous potassium chloride. [Britt, 1979; Hopkins, 2008]. Once the surgery is finished, the patient has to be moved to intensive care unit or recovery room until malignant hyperthermia is under controlled and the patient should be monitored closely. Since it is possible for the recrudescence of malignant hyperthermia, dantrolene should be continued giving to patient for at least 48 hours. [Flewellen, 1983; Rosenberg, 2004]. Several laboratory tests such as blood gases, electrolytes, coagulation profile, muscle enzyme, blood and urine for myoglobin should be assessed more frequently. [Hopkin, 2008]. At first, besides dantrolene, procainamide/ procaine was recommended to treat malignant hyperthermia. The use of procainamide/ procaine was due to the successful studies carried out by Harrison, 1971, Denborough, 1972 and Noble, 1973. The study carried out by Harrison, 1971 showed a successful treatment of malignant hyperthermia with large dose of intravenous procaine in 2 out of 5 Landrace pigs. However, the study from Gronert, 1976 showed that the recommendation dose of procaine/ procainamide was ineffective in preventing malignant hyperthermia of the 20 susceptible pigs. Study compared the effectiveness of dantrolene and procainamide conducted by Nelson, 1979 showed that procainamide did not block the contracture response to halothane and it is ineffective for therapeutic and as prophylaxis of malignant hyperthermia. Procainamide or procaine was not been used after all. Harrison, 1975 demonstrated that dantrolene can relax muscle rigor in pigs with malignant hyperthermia and ceased the excessive heat and acid production. The study showed 100% survival rate in the last seven of eight experiments. Besides that, based on Britt, 1984 that 79 patients who received dantrolene therapy showed a significant 16.56% reduction in mortally (p Dantrolene is now the only known therapeutic agent used to treat malignant hyperthermia. Dantrolene is a diphenylhydantoin derivative that is highly lipid soluble but poorly water soluble. [PMJ GG Harrison]. Dantrolene can be administered by oral route or intravenous route. Roughly, 70% of dantrolene is absorbed with the peak plasma concentration reached in 6 hours following the ingestion of dantrolene by mouth. From the experiment performed by Harrison 1975, oral dantrolene was effective in treating procaine malignant hyperthermia. Nevertheless, there is a great variation in the plasma concentration for the oral dantrolene especially in children. Dantrolene is formulated as lyophilized orange powder, which comprises of dantrolene sodium, mannitol and sodium chloride. These contents are dissolved in water to yield a solution with the pH of 9.5 for intravenous injection. Moreover, the additional of the mannitol is to improve the solubility since dantrolene is poorly water soluble and mannitol also acts as diuresis, which prevent the deleterious effects of myoglobinaemia. The biological elimination half life of dantrolene is 12 hours. As a result, after 12 hours the plasma concentration of dantrolene will be 4.2ÂÂÂ µg/ml with the administration of 2.4mg/kg body weight of dantrolene intravenously. [Allen et al, 1988; Muehlschlegel Sims, 2009]. Dantrolene is mainly metabolized in the liver through oxidation and reduction reaction. Oxidation and reduction of the dantrolene result in the production 5-hydroxydantrolene and aminodantrolene respectively. Aminodantrolene will then undergo acetylation leads to the formation of reduced acetylated derivative of dantrolene. The metabolites of the dantrolene are excreted in urine and bile with 79% of 5-hydroxydantrolene, 17% reduced acetylated derivative of dantrolene and 4% of the dose is excreted unchanged in the urine. [Dykes, 1975; Lietman et al, 1974]. Moreover, it has been stated that the metabolites of dantr olene especially 5-hydroxydantrolene has some muscle relaxant activity. [Ellis Wessels, 1978; Ali et al, 2003]. According to Malignant Hyperthermia Association (MHAUS) the recommended dosage of dantrolene is approximately 2-3mg/kg. [Schulte-Sasse]. It had been stated by Flewellen Nelson 1980 that, 95% of the skeletal muscle of swine was depressed with the administration of 3.5mg/kg dantrolene intravenously. In addition, clinical study showed that administration of 2.4mg/kg of dantrole intravenously was able to depress 75% of the skeletal muscle in human. [Flewellen et al., 1983]. The dose was proved to be effective in the treatment of malignant hyperthermia.[ Hall et al, 1980; Kolb et al, 1982]. Thus, for acute malignant hyperthermia crisis, 2.4mg/kg of intravenous dantrolene is effective in life-saving of treating malignant hyperthermia. [Harrison 1988; Allen et al. 1988; Flewellen et al., 1983]. The single dose of oral dantrolene that is currently given to patient is 1-2mg/kg four times a day.[ Pandit et al, 1979; Fitzgibbons, 1981]. However, it was found that this recommended dose of oral d antrolene was not effective in preventing malignant hyperthermia in human. [Fitzgibbons, 1981; Flewellen et al, 1983]. Administration of oral dantrolene has been recommended before the operation and after the malignant hyperthermia crisis to prevent the recrudescence. Besides administration oral dantrolene, dantrolene can also be given intravenously as a prophylaxis therapy after the crisis. [Flewellen et al, 1983]. The prophylactic continuous intravenous dose of dantrolene is approximately 2.4mg/kg. [Flewellen et al, 1983]. Dantrolene is a muscle relaxant, which, acts on skeletal muscle cell to inhibit the release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum. This will reduce the contractility of the skeletal muscle cell. According to Ellis,1973, the relaxant action of dantrolene acted directly and specifically on skeletal muscle but did not act on cardiac and smooth muscle. Besides that, dantrolene did not have any action on central nervous system. [Harrison,1988 Ellis, 1972]. Harrison and Chapman 1982, stated that the reduction in the amount and rate of calcium release by dantrolene is effective in preventing and reversing the pathophysiology of malignant hyperthermia in patient. In the experiment carried out by Harrison, 1975 has demonstrated that administration of dantrolene will cause a relaxation of the muscle rigor, cessation of the production of heat and acid. Based on the study carried out by Nelson, 1996 dantrolene is clinically effective in the treatment of malignant hyperthermia and showed a remarkable reduction in death and syndrome associated with malignant hyperthermia. When the syndrome of malignant hyperthermia was first noticed by the world during 60s, the rate of mortality was about 80%. The increasing awareness of syndrome with resultant in earlier diagnosis and treatment markedly reduced the mortality to 28% during 70s. With the introduction of the dantrolene, the rate of mortality reduced to 7%. [Harrison, 1988]. In addition, the experiment done by Harrison, 1988 showed that 100% survival rate was achieved with the administration of dantrolene. Long term administration of dantrolene orally is associated with some side effects such as hepatotoxicity and vomiting, which sometimes may be accompanied by diarrhea. [ Faling et al, 1980; Wilkinson et al, 1979]. However, the occurrence of hepatotoxicity is rare and several studies have been failed to prove whether hepatotoxicity is due to ingestion of dantrolene orally alone. [Flewellen et al, 1983; Dykes 1975; Durham et al, 1984]. As the reconstitution solution that is formulated for intravenous injection is highly alkaline, if extravasation occur it may irritate the vein which will lead to phlebitis and tissue necrosis. Therefore, dantrolene is recommended that to be injected into the large vein via a central venous catherter.[Ward et al, 1986; Muehlschlegel Sims, 2009]. Besides that, the mannitol that added to the dantrolene powder will cause osmotic diuresis with the loss of fluids and electrolytes. This will increase the risk of the patient who has poor renal function. [Bastro n,1983]. In addition, in the experiment that carried out by Flewellen and Nelson, chronic administered of dantrolene intravenously will result in difficulty in walking especially down stair. Muscle weakness lasting up to 48hours in 12 malignant hyperthermia subjects and associated with difficulty in walking, especially down stairs. [Flewellen Nelson,1983]. In the clinical studies that performed by Flewellen and Nelson and Oikkonen and his colleagues, patients were experienced fatigue and difficulty in swallowing accompanied to the long term administration of continuous intravenous dantrolene.[ Flewellen Nelson, 1983; Oikkonen et al, 1987]. The other common side effects of administered of dantrolene are dizziness, light-headedness, drowsiness, weakness, malaise and nausea. [Ward et al, 1986; Dkyes, 1975]. There is an adverse interaction of dantrolene when co-administration with verapamil. Co-administration of dantrolene and verapamil will cause hyperkalaemia and depression of the cardiac contractility. [Rubin Zablocki,1987; Saltzman et al, 1984]. The studies carried out by Lynch and colleagues and Saltzman and colleagues stated that administered dantrolene and verapamil concomitantly will cause remarkable hyperkaelemia and cardiac depression in dogs and swine. [ Saltzman et al, 1984; Lynch et al, 1986]. However, not all the calcium channel blockers will cause hyperkaleamia and the depression of cardiac contractility. Neither nifedipine nor amlodipine has significant of hyperkalaemia and depression of cardiac contractility when given together with dantrolene. [Freysz, 1996; Saltzman et al, 1984]. Besides having adverse effects and adverse interaction, another disadvantage of dantrolene is its cost. Dantrolene is an expensive drug, for intravenous dantrolene, it costs ÂÂ £15.08 per 20mg vial. As it is a huge amount of dantrolene are needed for immediate use, this has became an issue for some hospitals when purchase the dantrolene as dantrolene is very expensive especially intravenous dantrolene and dantrolene has a limited shelf life of 18 months to 2 years. [Allen et al, 1988; Hall, 1980]. In conclusion, malignant hyperthermia is uncommon life-threatening inherited disorder of the muscle cells. A sudden hypermetabolic reaction of the skeletal muscle when exposed to potent volatile anaesthetics and depolarizing muscle relaxants such as succinylcholine will endanger the patient by causing hyperthermia and massive rhabdomyolysis. Studies showed that appropriate dose intravenous dose of dantrolene is effective in treating patient during acute malignant hyperthermia crisis. Thus, 2.4mg/kg of dantrolene should be given intravenously during acute malignant hyperthermia crisis and continue giving 2.4mg/kg dantrolene after the crisis for 48 hours to avoid recrudescence of malignant hyperthermia. Besides, hypermetabolic reaction and the mortality rate of malignant hyperthermia can be reduced by taking precautions and increasing the awareness of patient who is malignant hyperthermia susceptible. With appropriate counseling, pre-operative screening and intraoperative monitoring th e vital signs and symptoms of malignant hyperthermia can prevent the potential lethal complications arise.

Immigration Reform Essay

Immigration reform is a widely debated topic that affects the lives of every citizen whether they are for, against or indifferent to the issue. The United States needs a new immigration policy that is based less on wishful thinking and more on realism. Spending vast sums of money trying to enforce arbitrary numerical limits on immigration that bear no relationship to economic reality is a fool’s errand. We need flexible limits on immigration that rise and fall with U.S. labor demand, coupled with strict enforcement of tough wage and labor laws that protect all workers, regardless of where they were born. We need to respect the natural human desire for family reunification, while recognizing that even family-based immigrants are unlikely to come here if jobs are not available. And we need to create a pathway to legal status for unauthorized immigrants who are already here so that they can no longer be exploited by unscrupulous employers who hang the threat of deportation over t heir heads. The impact on ethics regarding immigration reform is that there are many Americans who object to providing health care to those who are in this country illegally and they make the principled point that people who violate the immigration laws of this country have forfeited any moral claim to assistance and should not benefit from their illegal behavior. They also argue that providing those here illegally with access to regular health care will as a practical matter have the undesirable effect of increasing illegal immigration. On the other hand the principled argument in favor of including illegal immigrants in health reform is that decent health coverage is a basic human right. A just nation should support that right for everyone, regardless of why or how a person is in the country. There are also practical reasons to support including undocumented immigrants in health reform. Ethics aside, there is no pragmatic way to deny emergency care to illegal immigrants The impact on morals regarding immigration reform would be how does the issue of immigration reform sits with your mores and values. Should the Christian Values of treating others how you would like to be treated be used? Many Liberals would like to change the laws on immigration to strengthen border security and be fair to taxpayers but also include a pathway to citizenship for immigrants who are in the country illegally. Conservatives would like  to strengthen the existing laws and see that the immigrants that entered the country illegally are deported even though in most cases it would cause the break-up of families as some members may be here illegally and some may be either naturalized or citizens by birth. The things to consider when reviewing how Immigration Reforms would impact our lives is: What are the costs of securing our borders? The current estimate in the costs of securing the borders is $40, 000 per illegal immigrant and the impact it would have on the families and economy of those that live in the border cities would be devastating in terms of loss jobs and revenue. This does not take into account the amount of money spent to hire and train new Border Patrol Agents and drug dogs; using the National Guard and their equipment, and building a fence which places the cost at about 90 billion dollars a year. What are the costs of detaining immigrants? According to the American Civil Liberties Union the cost of detaining an illegal immigrant is between $122 -$164 a day. Should illegal immigrants receive help with medical and food? This is an ethics and moral issue concerning decent human treatment. Though it would place a heavy strain on resources and the economy some type of system should be set up with a limit on how often an illegal immigrant could use the services until citizenship is granted and a repayment plan is instituted.

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